Implicit Processes and Drug Addiction:
Theory, Assessment and Future Directions
Keywords:
Implicit cognition, Addiction, Attentional biasAbstract
Recent studies have investigated the implicit cognitive mechanisms that influence the decision to use drugs and drug use behavior, such as attentional bias and reactivity to cues. Those responses are automatically elicited and can increase vulnerability to addiction and relapse. This review aimed to present theoretical perspective of dual-process models of addictive behaviors and to discuss the influence of automatic processes in drug intake, how they can be assessed, and techniques to directly modify them. The results suggest that implicit measures can assess the automatic mechanisms more accurately than explicit measures. Therefore, it is suggested that interventions aimed at the transformation of implicit cognitions can be effective alternatives for the treatment of addictive behaviors.
Downloads
Download data is not yet available.
References
Araujo, R. B., & Zeni, T. C. (2011). Relação entre o craving por tabaco e o craving por crack em pacientes internados para desintoxicação. Jornal Brasileiro de Psiquiatria, 60, 28-33.
Attwood , A. S., O’Sullivan , H., Leonards, U., Mackintosh, B., & Munafo , M. R. (2008). Attentional bias training and cue reactivity in cigarette smokers. Addiction 103, 1875”“1882.
Bowen, S., Chawla, N., Collins, S. E., Witkiewitz, K., Hsu, S., Grow, J., ...Marlatt, A. (2009). Mindfulness-based relapse prevention for substance use disorders: A pilot efficacy trial. Substance Abuse, 30, 295-305.
Bowen, S., Witkiewitz, K., Dillworth, T. M., & Marlatt, G. A. (2007). The role of thought suppression in the relationship between mindfulness meditation and alcohol use. Addictive Behaviors, 32, 2324-2328.
Brown, K. W., & Ryan, R. M. (2003). The benefits of being present: mindfulness and Its role in psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84, 822-848.
Bradley, B. P., Mogg, K., Wright, T., & Field, M. (2003). Attentional bias in drug dependence: vigilance for cigarette-related cues in smokers. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 17, 66-72.
Carter, B. L., & Tiffany, S. T. (1999). Meta-analysis of cue reactivity in addiction research. Addiction, 94, 327-340.
Chawla, N., Collins, S., Bowen, S., Hsu, S., Grow, J., Douglas, A., & Marlatt, G. A. (2010). The Mindfulness-Based Relapse Prevention Adherence and Competence Scale: Development, Interrater Reliability and Validity. Psychotherapy Research, 20(4), 388-397.
Chiamulera, C. (2005). Cue reactivity in nicotine and tobacco dependence: a “multiple-action” model of nicotine as a primary reinforcement and as an enhancer of effects of smoking-associated stimuli. Brain Research Reviews, 48, 74-97.
Cooney, N., Litt, M., Cooney, J., Pilkey, D., Steinberg, H., & Oncken, C. A. (2007). Alcohol and Tobacco Cessation in Alcohol-Dependent Smokers: Analysis of Real-Time-Reports. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 21, 277-286.
Cox, W. M., Fadardi, J. S., & Pothos, E. M. (2006). The addiction-stroop test: Theoretical considerations and procedural recommendations. Psychological Bulletin, 132, 443-76.
Cunha, S. M. (2010). Viés atencional para o cigarro em bebedores jovens fumantes após exposição a imagens relacionadas ao álcool. Dissertação de Mestrado, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. Porto Alegre.
Cunha, S. M., & Bizarro, L. (2011). Reatividade cruzada a pistas no consumo de álcool e cigarro: Revisão crítica da literatura. Interação em Psicologia, 15, 121-128.
Davis, J. M., Fleming, M. F., Bonus, K. A., & Baker, T. B. (2007). A pilot study on mindfulness based stress reduction for smokers. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 7, 1-7.
Dawson, D. (2000). Drinkink as a risk factor for sustained smoking. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 59, 235-249.
Drobes, D. J. (2002). Cue reactivity in alcohol and tobacco dependence. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 26(12), 1928-1929.
Ehrman, R. N., Robbins, S. J., Bromwell, M. A., Lankford, M. E., Monterosso, J. R., & O’Brien, C. P. (2002). Comparing attentional bias to smoking cues in current smokers, former smokers, and non-smokers using a dot-probe task. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 67, 185-191.
Erblich, J, Montgomery, G. H., & Bovbjerg, D. H. (2009). Script-guided imagery of social drinking induces both alcohol and cigarette fissura in a sample of nicotine-dependent smokers. Addictive Behaviors, 34,164-70.
Field, M., & Cox, W. M. (2008). Attentional bias in addictive behaviors: a review of its development, causes, and consequences. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 1, 1-20.
Field, M., Duka, T., Tyler, E., & Schoenmakers, T. (2009). Attentional bias modification in tobacco smokers. Nicotine Tobacco Research, 11, 812-22
Field, M., & Eastwood, B. (2005). Experimental manipulation of attentional bias increases the motivation to drink alcohol. Psychopharmacology, 183, 350-357.
Field, M., Mogg, K., & Bradley, B. (2005). Alcohol increases cognitive biases for smoking cues in smokers. Psychopharmacology, 180, 63-72.
Field, M., Mogg, K., Zatteler, J., & Bradley, B. (2004). Attentional biases for alcohol cues in heavy and light social drinkers: The roles of initial orienting and maintained attention. Psychopharmacology, 176, 88-93.
Field, M., Duka, T., Eastwood, B., Child, R., Santarcangelo, M., & Gayton, M. (2007). Experimental manipulation of attentional bias in heavy drinkers: do the effects generalize? Psychopharmacology, 192, 593-608.
Goldstein, R. Z., & Volkow, N. D. (2002). Drug addiction and its underlying neurobiological basis: neuroimaging evidence for the involvement of the frontal cortex. American Journal of Psychiatric, 159, 1643-1652.
Hoffman, J., Welte, J., & Barnes, G. (2001). Co-occurrence of alcohol and cigarette use among adolescents. Addictive Behaviors, 26, 63-78.
Kahler, C., Strong, D., Papandonatos, G., Colby, S., Clark, M., Boerges, J., …Buka, S. (2008). Cigarette smoking and the lifetime alcohol involvement continuum. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 93, 111-120.
Jain, S., Shapiro, S. L., Swanick, S., Roesch, S. C., Mills, P. J., Bell, I., & Schwartz, G. E. (2007). A randomized controlled trial of mindfulness meditation versus relaxation training: effects on distress, positive states of mind, rumination and distraction. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 33, 11-21.
Lopes, F. M. (2009). Viés atencional em jovens fumantes. Dissertação de Mestrado. Programa de Pós-graduação em Psicologia, Instituto de Psicologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. Porto Alegre, Brasil.
Lopes, F. M., Peuker, A. C., & Bizarro, L. A. (2008). Viés atencional em fumantes. Psico, 39, 280-288.
Lutz, A., Dunne, J. D., & Davidson, R. J. (2007). Meditation and the neuroscience of consciousness: An introduction. In P. Zelazo, M. Moscovitch & E. Thompson (Eds.), Cambridge Handbook of Consciousness (pp. 499-554). New York: Cambridge University Press.
Lutz, A., Slagter, H. A., Dunne, J. D., & Davidson, R. J. (2008). Attention regulation and monitoring in meditation. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 12, 163-169.
Mintz, J., Boyd, G., Rose, J., Charuvastra, V., & Jarvik, M. (1985). Alcohol increases cigarette smoking: A laboratory demonstration. Addictive Behaviors, 10, 203-207.
Ochsner, K. N., Ray, R. R., Hughes, B., McRae, K., Cooper, J. C., Weber, J., ...Gross, J. (2009). Bottom-up and top-down processes in emotion generation: Common and distinct neural mechanisms. Psychological Science, 20, 1322-1331.
Palfai, T. P., Monti, P. M., Ostafin, B., & Hutchison, K. (2000). Effects of nicotine deprivation on alcohol related information processing and drinking behavior. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 109, 96-105.
Peuker, A. C., Lopes, F. M., & Bizarro, L. (2009). Viés atencional no abuso de drogas: teoria e método. Psicologia: Teoria e Pesquisa, 25, 505-512.
Polich, J. (2003). Event-related potentials and everyday drugs. Brain and Cognition, 53, 45.
Robinson, T. E., & Berridge, K. C. (1993). The neural basis of drug fissura: An incentive-sensitization theory of addiction. Brain Research Reviews, 18, 247-291.
Rooke, S. E., Hine, D. W., & Thorsteinsson, E. B. (2008). Implicit cognition and substance use: a meta-analysis. Addictive Behaviors, 33, 1314-28.
Schoenmakers, T., Bruin, M., Lux, I., Goertz, A., Van Kerkhof, D., & Wiers, R. (2010). Clinical effectiveness of attentional bias modification training in abstinent alcoholic patients. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 109, 30-36.
Schoenmakers, T., Wiers, R., Jones, B., Bruce, G., & Jansen, A. (2007). Attentional re-training decreases attentional bias in heavy drinkers without generalization. Addiction, 102, 399-405.
Tang, Y., Ma, Y., Wang, J., Fan, Y., Feng, S., Lu, Q., ...Posner, M. (2007). Short-term meditation training improves attention and self-regulation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 104, 17152-17156.
Tang, Y., & Posner, M. I. (2009). Attention training and attention state training. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 13, 222-227.
Tiffany, S. (1990). A cognitive model of drug urges and drug-use behavior: Role of automatic and non-automatic processes. Psychological Review, 97, 147-168.
Traylor, A., Parrish, D., Copp, H., & Bordnick, P. (2011). Using virtual reality to investigate complex and contextual cue reactivity in nicotine dependent problem drinking. Addictive Behaviors, 36, 1068-1075.
Verdejo-García, A., & Bechara A. (2009). A somatic marker theory of addiction. Neuropharmacology, 56, 48-62.
Verdejo-García A., Pérez-García, M., & Bechara, A. (2006). Emotion, decision-making and substance dependence: a somatic-marker model of addiction. Current Neuropharmacology, 4, 17-31.
Vollstädt-Klein, S., Loeber, S., von der Goltz, C., Mann, K., & Kiefer, F. (2009). Avoidance of alcohol-related stimuli increases during the early stage of abstinence in alcohol-dependent patients. Alcohol and Alcoholism, 44, 458-63.
Wiers, R. W., Bartholow, B. D., van der Wildenberg, E., Trush, C., Engels, R. C., Sher, K. J., …Stacy, A. W. (2007). Automatic and controlled process and the development of addictive behaviors in adolescents: a review and a model. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behaviors, 86, 263-283.
White, H., Pandina, R., & Chen, P. (2002). Developmental trajectories of cigarette use from early adolescence into young adulthood. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 65, 167-178.
Wiers, R., & Stacy, A. (2006). Implicit cognition and addiction. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 15, 292-296.
Witkiewitz, K., Bowen, S., Douglas, H., & Hsu, S.H. (2012). Mindfulness-based relapse prevention for substance craving. Addictive Behaviors, 38(2), 1563-1571. doi: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2012.04.001.
Yalachkov,Y., Kaiser, J., & Naumer, M. (2011). Functional neuroimaging studies in addiction multisensory drug stimuli and neural cue reactivity. Neuroscience & Behavioral Reviews, 36, 825-835.
Yin, H. H., & Knowlton, B. J. (2006). Addiction and learning in the brain. In R. Wiers & A. W. Stacy (Eds.), Handbook of Implicit Cognition and Addiction (pp. 185-199). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Attwood , A. S., O’Sullivan , H., Leonards, U., Mackintosh, B., & Munafo , M. R. (2008). Attentional bias training and cue reactivity in cigarette smokers. Addiction 103, 1875”“1882.
Bowen, S., Chawla, N., Collins, S. E., Witkiewitz, K., Hsu, S., Grow, J., ...Marlatt, A. (2009). Mindfulness-based relapse prevention for substance use disorders: A pilot efficacy trial. Substance Abuse, 30, 295-305.
Bowen, S., Witkiewitz, K., Dillworth, T. M., & Marlatt, G. A. (2007). The role of thought suppression in the relationship between mindfulness meditation and alcohol use. Addictive Behaviors, 32, 2324-2328.
Brown, K. W., & Ryan, R. M. (2003). The benefits of being present: mindfulness and Its role in psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84, 822-848.
Bradley, B. P., Mogg, K., Wright, T., & Field, M. (2003). Attentional bias in drug dependence: vigilance for cigarette-related cues in smokers. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 17, 66-72.
Carter, B. L., & Tiffany, S. T. (1999). Meta-analysis of cue reactivity in addiction research. Addiction, 94, 327-340.
Chawla, N., Collins, S., Bowen, S., Hsu, S., Grow, J., Douglas, A., & Marlatt, G. A. (2010). The Mindfulness-Based Relapse Prevention Adherence and Competence Scale: Development, Interrater Reliability and Validity. Psychotherapy Research, 20(4), 388-397.
Chiamulera, C. (2005). Cue reactivity in nicotine and tobacco dependence: a “multiple-action” model of nicotine as a primary reinforcement and as an enhancer of effects of smoking-associated stimuli. Brain Research Reviews, 48, 74-97.
Cooney, N., Litt, M., Cooney, J., Pilkey, D., Steinberg, H., & Oncken, C. A. (2007). Alcohol and Tobacco Cessation in Alcohol-Dependent Smokers: Analysis of Real-Time-Reports. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 21, 277-286.
Cox, W. M., Fadardi, J. S., & Pothos, E. M. (2006). The addiction-stroop test: Theoretical considerations and procedural recommendations. Psychological Bulletin, 132, 443-76.
Cunha, S. M. (2010). Viés atencional para o cigarro em bebedores jovens fumantes após exposição a imagens relacionadas ao álcool. Dissertação de Mestrado, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. Porto Alegre.
Cunha, S. M., & Bizarro, L. (2011). Reatividade cruzada a pistas no consumo de álcool e cigarro: Revisão crítica da literatura. Interação em Psicologia, 15, 121-128.
Davis, J. M., Fleming, M. F., Bonus, K. A., & Baker, T. B. (2007). A pilot study on mindfulness based stress reduction for smokers. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 7, 1-7.
Dawson, D. (2000). Drinkink as a risk factor for sustained smoking. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 59, 235-249.
Drobes, D. J. (2002). Cue reactivity in alcohol and tobacco dependence. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 26(12), 1928-1929.
Ehrman, R. N., Robbins, S. J., Bromwell, M. A., Lankford, M. E., Monterosso, J. R., & O’Brien, C. P. (2002). Comparing attentional bias to smoking cues in current smokers, former smokers, and non-smokers using a dot-probe task. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 67, 185-191.
Erblich, J, Montgomery, G. H., & Bovbjerg, D. H. (2009). Script-guided imagery of social drinking induces both alcohol and cigarette fissura in a sample of nicotine-dependent smokers. Addictive Behaviors, 34,164-70.
Field, M., & Cox, W. M. (2008). Attentional bias in addictive behaviors: a review of its development, causes, and consequences. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 1, 1-20.
Field, M., Duka, T., Tyler, E., & Schoenmakers, T. (2009). Attentional bias modification in tobacco smokers. Nicotine Tobacco Research, 11, 812-22
Field, M., & Eastwood, B. (2005). Experimental manipulation of attentional bias increases the motivation to drink alcohol. Psychopharmacology, 183, 350-357.
Field, M., Mogg, K., & Bradley, B. (2005). Alcohol increases cognitive biases for smoking cues in smokers. Psychopharmacology, 180, 63-72.
Field, M., Mogg, K., Zatteler, J., & Bradley, B. (2004). Attentional biases for alcohol cues in heavy and light social drinkers: The roles of initial orienting and maintained attention. Psychopharmacology, 176, 88-93.
Field, M., Duka, T., Eastwood, B., Child, R., Santarcangelo, M., & Gayton, M. (2007). Experimental manipulation of attentional bias in heavy drinkers: do the effects generalize? Psychopharmacology, 192, 593-608.
Goldstein, R. Z., & Volkow, N. D. (2002). Drug addiction and its underlying neurobiological basis: neuroimaging evidence for the involvement of the frontal cortex. American Journal of Psychiatric, 159, 1643-1652.
Hoffman, J., Welte, J., & Barnes, G. (2001). Co-occurrence of alcohol and cigarette use among adolescents. Addictive Behaviors, 26, 63-78.
Kahler, C., Strong, D., Papandonatos, G., Colby, S., Clark, M., Boerges, J., …Buka, S. (2008). Cigarette smoking and the lifetime alcohol involvement continuum. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 93, 111-120.
Jain, S., Shapiro, S. L., Swanick, S., Roesch, S. C., Mills, P. J., Bell, I., & Schwartz, G. E. (2007). A randomized controlled trial of mindfulness meditation versus relaxation training: effects on distress, positive states of mind, rumination and distraction. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 33, 11-21.
Lopes, F. M. (2009). Viés atencional em jovens fumantes. Dissertação de Mestrado. Programa de Pós-graduação em Psicologia, Instituto de Psicologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. Porto Alegre, Brasil.
Lopes, F. M., Peuker, A. C., & Bizarro, L. A. (2008). Viés atencional em fumantes. Psico, 39, 280-288.
Lutz, A., Dunne, J. D., & Davidson, R. J. (2007). Meditation and the neuroscience of consciousness: An introduction. In P. Zelazo, M. Moscovitch & E. Thompson (Eds.), Cambridge Handbook of Consciousness (pp. 499-554). New York: Cambridge University Press.
Lutz, A., Slagter, H. A., Dunne, J. D., & Davidson, R. J. (2008). Attention regulation and monitoring in meditation. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 12, 163-169.
Mintz, J., Boyd, G., Rose, J., Charuvastra, V., & Jarvik, M. (1985). Alcohol increases cigarette smoking: A laboratory demonstration. Addictive Behaviors, 10, 203-207.
Ochsner, K. N., Ray, R. R., Hughes, B., McRae, K., Cooper, J. C., Weber, J., ...Gross, J. (2009). Bottom-up and top-down processes in emotion generation: Common and distinct neural mechanisms. Psychological Science, 20, 1322-1331.
Palfai, T. P., Monti, P. M., Ostafin, B., & Hutchison, K. (2000). Effects of nicotine deprivation on alcohol related information processing and drinking behavior. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 109, 96-105.
Peuker, A. C., Lopes, F. M., & Bizarro, L. (2009). Viés atencional no abuso de drogas: teoria e método. Psicologia: Teoria e Pesquisa, 25, 505-512.
Polich, J. (2003). Event-related potentials and everyday drugs. Brain and Cognition, 53, 45.
Robinson, T. E., & Berridge, K. C. (1993). The neural basis of drug fissura: An incentive-sensitization theory of addiction. Brain Research Reviews, 18, 247-291.
Rooke, S. E., Hine, D. W., & Thorsteinsson, E. B. (2008). Implicit cognition and substance use: a meta-analysis. Addictive Behaviors, 33, 1314-28.
Schoenmakers, T., Bruin, M., Lux, I., Goertz, A., Van Kerkhof, D., & Wiers, R. (2010). Clinical effectiveness of attentional bias modification training in abstinent alcoholic patients. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 109, 30-36.
Schoenmakers, T., Wiers, R., Jones, B., Bruce, G., & Jansen, A. (2007). Attentional re-training decreases attentional bias in heavy drinkers without generalization. Addiction, 102, 399-405.
Tang, Y., Ma, Y., Wang, J., Fan, Y., Feng, S., Lu, Q., ...Posner, M. (2007). Short-term meditation training improves attention and self-regulation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 104, 17152-17156.
Tang, Y., & Posner, M. I. (2009). Attention training and attention state training. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 13, 222-227.
Tiffany, S. (1990). A cognitive model of drug urges and drug-use behavior: Role of automatic and non-automatic processes. Psychological Review, 97, 147-168.
Traylor, A., Parrish, D., Copp, H., & Bordnick, P. (2011). Using virtual reality to investigate complex and contextual cue reactivity in nicotine dependent problem drinking. Addictive Behaviors, 36, 1068-1075.
Verdejo-García, A., & Bechara A. (2009). A somatic marker theory of addiction. Neuropharmacology, 56, 48-62.
Verdejo-García A., Pérez-García, M., & Bechara, A. (2006). Emotion, decision-making and substance dependence: a somatic-marker model of addiction. Current Neuropharmacology, 4, 17-31.
Vollstädt-Klein, S., Loeber, S., von der Goltz, C., Mann, K., & Kiefer, F. (2009). Avoidance of alcohol-related stimuli increases during the early stage of abstinence in alcohol-dependent patients. Alcohol and Alcoholism, 44, 458-63.
Wiers, R. W., Bartholow, B. D., van der Wildenberg, E., Trush, C., Engels, R. C., Sher, K. J., …Stacy, A. W. (2007). Automatic and controlled process and the development of addictive behaviors in adolescents: a review and a model. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behaviors, 86, 263-283.
White, H., Pandina, R., & Chen, P. (2002). Developmental trajectories of cigarette use from early adolescence into young adulthood. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 65, 167-178.
Wiers, R., & Stacy, A. (2006). Implicit cognition and addiction. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 15, 292-296.
Witkiewitz, K., Bowen, S., Douglas, H., & Hsu, S.H. (2012). Mindfulness-based relapse prevention for substance craving. Addictive Behaviors, 38(2), 1563-1571. doi: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2012.04.001.
Yalachkov,Y., Kaiser, J., & Naumer, M. (2011). Functional neuroimaging studies in addiction multisensory drug stimuli and neural cue reactivity. Neuroscience & Behavioral Reviews, 36, 825-835.
Yin, H. H., & Knowlton, B. J. (2006). Addiction and learning in the brain. In R. Wiers & A. W. Stacy (Eds.), Handbook of Implicit Cognition and Addiction (pp. 185-199). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Downloads
Published
2013-04-22
How to Cite
Peuker, A. C., Lopes, F. M., Menezes, C. B., Cunha, S. M., & Bizarro, L. (2013). Implicit Processes and Drug Addiction:: Theory, Assessment and Future Directions. Psicologia: Teoria E Pesquisa, 29(1), 07–14. Retrieved from https://www.periodicos.unb.br/index.php/revistaptp/article/view/17595
Issue
Section
Artigos Metodológicos
